In Gaza, a recent U.N. report has highlighted serious violations of international humanitarian law committed by Israeli forces, Hamas, and other Palestinian armed groups. The report, which covers the period from November 2024 to October 31, 2025, indicates that the intensified military operations by Israel, aimed at establishing a permanent demographic shift, have raised grave concerns regarding ethnic cleansing. Alongside the military actions, the report points to the forcible transfer of Palestinians as part of this strategy. As a result, a humanitarian crisis has developed, displacing most residents and leading to significant casualties across the region. During this time, the conflict escalated following a major attack by Hamas on southern Israel in October 2023, killing over 1,200 people and taking more than 250 hostages. In retaliation, Israel executed a large-scale military offensive in Gaza, which has reportedly resulted in over 72,000 Palestinian deaths, as stated by the Palestinian health ministry. This situation represents a severe humanitarian disaster, exacerbated by the ineffective distribution of aid through prescribed channels. As outlined in the U.N. report, Israeli practices seem to indicate a concerted effort to consolidate control over occupied territories, indicating ongoing human rights violations. The report specifically called attention to militarized distribution centers run by the Gaza Humanitarian Foundation, which despite backing from both Israel and the United States, failed to deliver necessary humanitarian aid. This failure has further compounded the crisis, undermining Israel's obligations under international humanitarian law. Furthermore, evidence of summary executions and excessive use of force by Palestinian authorities points to serious breaches of rights on both sides of the conflict. Concerns related to Hamas' military behavior also surfaced, with allegations regarding the killing of Palestinian staff associated with the GHF, which may constitute war crimes. Additionally, claims of hostages taken during the October 2023 attack experiencing torture and malnutrition highlight further atrocity crimes. As a result of both Israeli and Hamas actions, the ongoing violence has not only intensified the humanitarian crisis in Gaza but has also sparked significant international discourse on human rights violations and the potential for ethnic cleansing in the region.